Some years ago, Intel and Microsoft laid down noise guidelines for computers in certain applications, using the term "silent" as one of the descriptors. The response from acoustics engineers in the industry was swift and merciless. The critics argued correctly that "silent" is not possible to define in any meaningful way, at least from an engineering perspective. It is also a challenge to define legally, an issue whenever there are corporate legal teams that routinely consider worse-case-scenarios. The term has more or less disappeared from Intel and Microsoft's official vocabulary, and now it is impossible to find well defined recommendations or guidelines about low-noise PCs on either company's web site.
Yet, there is a growing need to define "silent" components and computers in a way that is possible for engineers to agree upon, and more importantly, for consumers to understand and trust. As media PC popularity grows, so does the awareness among consumers that the typical computer is not the ideal silent servant. Instead, there is dismaying realization in many households that that a media PC must be relegated to a closet, a spare room - anywhere but out in the open due to its intrusive noise. There are quiet computers on the market, but with the co-opting of the terms "silent" and "quiet" by marketing teams in the computer world, it's impossible to tell whether one is really quiet until it is brought home, plugged in and turned on. This is not a good state of affairs for consumers or for the PC industry, which looks to the media PC as a major source of new sales.
Why is "silence" such a difficult term for the engineers? Simply defined, silence is the absence of sound. There are two aspects to sound: Its generation, and its perception. Yes, the age-old question, "If a tree falls in a forest with no one to hear it, then does it make a sound?"
Physical Sound and Psychoacoustics
The engineers who criticized the use of the term "silent" were concerned with the physical phenomenon, the generation of sound. Except in deep space, where there is no air to transmit vibration, which we define as sound, there is no silence. Everywhere on earth, there is always some level of acoustic energy in the air. Even a computer with no moving parts still generates sound from its transformers and other electronics parts, it cannot be silent like a rock.
Sound is also the human perception of acoustic energy. From a psychoacoustic perspective, silence is achieved when a human being perceives no sound. (Of course, one can argue that even in the most advanced anechoic chamber, a human being can always hear his own breathing or the sound of his own internal organs.) The key here is human perception.
A PC acoustics white paper from a major system brand stated: "The human ear is not a reliable instrument with which to measure sound levels because its sensitivity varies with the frequency of a sound." What this statement reveals is that for the writer, sound level - or more precisely, sound pressure level - is the reference. From the point of view of designing products for people, this is backwards. It is human perception that must be the reference, not SPL, which describes the way a machine "perceives" sound. It is human aural perception that we need to begin with in order to design a computer that sounds quiet to people.
Acoustics engineering in the PC industry is mostly dominated by sound pressure level and sound power. They are single number metrics that are extremely difficult to correlate to human perceptions of sound. Is a 2.8 bel sound power measurement quiet? Is it noisy? How about 25 decibels, A-weighted from a meter away? No one can say for sure from just looking at the numbers. Why? Because quiet and noisy are qualitative terms that refer to human perception, not the physical phenomenon. The sound power and SPL numbers refer to the physical phenomenon. An experienced acoustic engineer would ask to look at the waveforms, study the spatial, temporal and time structure of the sound, and perhaps ask for a listening jury to work with. And then, and only then, could he say with scientific certainty whether it is quiet or noisy. We are now speaking not just of sound level or loudness, but sound quality, which is a growing sector in acoustic engineering.
Human Perceptions of Computer Noise
This brings us back to the main concern of a noise-conscious computer consumer: "Can I hear it and is it a nasty noise?" The terms I like to use are "inaudible" and "benign", so that the question can be changed to, "Is it inaudible? If it is audible, is it a benign sound?" Again, these are simple questions, but scientific answers to these questions are not easy to get.
Let's examine what I mean by each of these terms and what is required to achieve what they describe.
By inaudible I mean we don't hear it. What qualities must a sound have in order that we don't hear it?
* It must be at a very low "loudness" level, lower than the ambient background noise level in its operating environment.
* It must be constant, or almost constant, so that people's attention is not drawn by changes in noise characteristics.
A constant sound, even a fairly loud one, is something most people can tune out with a little acclimatization. Not so with irregular sound. People, like animals, have high built-in sensitivity to any sudden change in our environment, which seems directly linked to survival instincts; in nature, it often means imminent attack by a predator. A movement in the scene in front of our eyes draws our attention instantly, as does any kind of change in noise - even when it is much lower in level than the ambient. This happens because once we adapt ourselves to the ambient noise as being normal, it ceases to be consciously perceived, even when it's pretty loud. The human mind/hearing is capable of incredibly sophisticated filtering.
By audible and benign, I refer to a gentle and unobtrusive sound that we can hear. This means that...
* It must be smooth, lacking in "sharpness".
* Again, it must be constant, or almost constant. This is even more important for benign than for inaudible.
From a design point of view, making an inaudible computer is a tough challenge, but it is possible to do, unlike a silent computer. There are two basic approaches which can be taken:
1. Fan less, with costly, custom enclosures for passive cooling of components. Most often modest heat producing components are used, but some ambitious products allow the use of very hot components and near-cutting-edge performance.
2. Fan-cooled, with careful optimization of heat generation and performance in a more conventional enclosure. High performance heat sinks and high quality fans are musts. The ability to run multiple fans at slow speed without risk of overheating is critical.
With each approach, care in component choices are critical. Cooler components make lower noise easier to achieve, but hotter, higher performance components can also be used successfully.
Fanless System Design
Key computer components today generate enough heat that cooling fans are almost inevitable for stable operation and to avoid jeopardizing product reliability or longevity with high temperatures. The handful of commercial computers with a serious claim to be "silent" are mostly fan less, with custom cases that are in part massive external heat sinks to allow passive cooling of the hot components. This means there is no fan noise, which is a big part of typical computer noise. However, this does not eliminate all sources of audible noise.
There is the hard drive, an electro-mechanical device spinning at high speed, often more than one in many systems. Hard drives have a wide range of acoustic output and also add vibration to the case, which usually causes a host of other audible effects, including harmonics and inter modulation. They also make quite different noises when seeking compared to when they're idle, and the change is very noticeable for anyone who listens. The acoustic effects of the hard drive must be neutralized if the costly removal of cooling fans is to be effective in achieving inaudibility.
There are still other noise sources: electronic parts such as capacitors and inductors can emit mid/high frequency noises, especially of a tonal nature, and often intermittent. These parts are found mostly on power circuitry and they can be truly annoying even when at very low measured loudness. With conventional computers, such tonal noises are often not heard directly because they are masked by the roar of fans and hard drives. In a fan less system, this noise is plain to hear. It is far more common than you'd think. It can sound like CRT monitor high frequency whine, which most people have heard. It can also sound like a buzz or hum. Often this noise is too low in loudness to appreciably affect any conventional SPL or sound power measurements. But they are perfectly audible for users with normal hearing, as many a frustrated user can attest. Only careful selection of parts and good circuit design can ensure that such noise problems don't arise.
What all this means is that in designing a fan less system for low noise, any one of many factors can lead to failure, to nasty noise, unless the primary design target is kept firmly in mind: Human perception.
Fan Cooled Quiet System Design
A different approach to low noise computers using carefully selected, high quality, low noise fans in more conventional cases is usually cheaper to implement. Although the absolute measured "loudness" of such fan-cooled systems might come in a bit higher than for completely fanless systems, the perceived audibility may be just as low. In many conditions, the residual broadband airflow noise of the fans can provide a smooth masking effect over tonal aspects of the acoustics that can lie at very low loudness levels. Keep in mind that serious tonal or intermittent noise factors will still be easily heard by noise-conscious users, and hard drive noise still has to be well managed.
Furthermore, the issue of fan speed changes in response to rises in component temperature (due to high load or hot weather) also must be managed well. Too much of a speed up (or even down), especially in a short period, is heard as an annoyance by most users. Lower power components, especially those meant for mobile computing where the drive to maximize run time on batteries has created highly power-efficient parts, can make noise optimized fan cooling a practical and viable way of building inaudible computers.
Carefully designed fan cooling can also be used to create high power computers that are audible but have a benign acoustic signature that makes them unobtrusive in most environments, for most people. A broadband random sound like softly falling rain can actually measure fairly high, yet rank very low in perceived "loudness". Combined with care around the other noise factors above, such a computer can have excellent acceptance among noise conscious consumers.
Undesirable Qualities
Despite the name of our web site, a silent computer may be scientifically impossible... but "inaudible" or "audible but benign" computers are well within reach. Careful system design is necessary to ensure that all the potential pitfalls are avoided, not just "low measured loudness":
* sharp tonal aspects
* intermittent sounds
* rapid changes in noise
* harshness (caused by intermodulation and harmonics)
* vibration induced noise
Keep in mind that all of these various aspects of noises can be identified using sophisticated audio measuring equipment, the same equipment need to test for sound power.
A Need for People-centric Metrics
In light of these various factors, the long upheld ISO 7779 standard for measuring computer acoustics is clearly lacking. By focusing only on sound power and a single half meter SPL measurement, ISO 7779 manages to ignore the sound quality aspects so important to human perception, leaving only a machine-language definition of overall noise. The fact that so few companies actually use this standard and its results for promotion is actually something of a relief. It would only lead to greater confusion and consumer dismay.
For complete, up-to-date information about silent computing, visit Silent PC Review , the world authority and primary discussion forum on every aspect of acoustic around computing devices.
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